James Watt Essay -- History

James Watt James Watt was born 19th January 1736 at Greenock and at this time no one would have even imagined his effect on the Industrial Revolution that was to occur within that century. When James was fifteen he had read books about and become accustomed to Philosophy (similar to modern physics). He had also completed many of his own chemical experiments and even started produce and construct his own products such as a small electronic device that startled his companions. He soon became interested in astronomy and often spent long hours at night, lying in a grove near his home studying the night sky. He also enjoyed angling as his hobby and completed odd jobs to become known as a jack-of-all-trades. He sold and mended spectacles, fixed fiddles and constructed fishing rods and tackle. Watt met his first loss in 1753 when his mother unsuspectedly died. It was at this point that Watt decided to pursue his career and try and qualify himself to become a mathematical instrument maker. After James spoke to Professor Muirhead at the Glasgow University, he was introduced to several scientists who at the time encouraged him later to travel to London to further himself in instrument making. In 1755 he set out on horseback and arrived in London after either twelve days or two weeks. He tried to get a job in the instrumentation field although the shopkeepers could not give him a job as he did not do an apprenticeship and was too old. Finally though he found John Morgan of a company called Cornhill who agreed to bend the rules and offer an apprenticeship for a year. James Watt knuckled down and wanted to learn everything he wanted in one year that would have normally taken three or four years. After six weeks Watt learned that much he outstripped another apprentice who had been at Cornhill for two years! After the apprenticeship Watt found it hard to set up shop in London and due to his father's ill health decided to spend some time at Greenock. He then moved to Glasgow where there was a job vacant in cleaning and repairing newly imported scientific instruments. The University of Glasgow then arranged for James Watt to set up shop inside one of their university buildings where he met his future long-life friends Dr. Joseph Black and Professor John Robison both planning to be chemists. His shop at the university did not sell many of his inventions mainly ... ... had already died many years before him and so he lived partly lonesome life. On August 19, 1819, James Watt who was aged 83 died at his own home in Healthfield. Mrs. Watt lived much longer dying in 1832. James Watt was able to live through his life knowing that even though he only improved an existing invention, he powered much of the industrial revolution in doing so. His innovations also saved many of the mines in those times that were full of water unable to be pumped out by older model steam engines. James also knew that the protectionist nature of his patent also meant that future improvement could not easily be made, protecting his version of the steam engine as long as possible. References Internet Sites: * www.history.rochester.edu/steam/carnegie/ * www.history.rochester.edu/steam/thurston/1878/pp80.gif * www.history.rochester.edu/steam/marshall/chapter3.html * www.sydney-australia.net/tourism/sydney/attracts/power/powp18.html * www.cre.canon.co.uk/~davide/kbsm/boulton-watt.html * www.adventure.com/encyclopedia/general/rfiwatts.html * www.adventure.com/encyclopedia/general/ctssteam.html * www.colbybos.demon.co.uk/corn/hist8.html

A Rose for Emily and Sweat

Name:Mouri Moumita ID:0920605015 1. â€Å"There is no such thing as a moral or an immoral book,† Wilde says in the Preface. â€Å"Books are well written, or badly written. That is all. † Does the novel confirm this argument? Wilde published his only novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray, before he reached the height of his fame. It was criticized as scandalous and immoral. Disappointed with its reception, Wilde revised the novel in 1891, adding a preface and six new chapters.The Preface anticipates some of the criticism that might be leveled at the novel and answers critics who charge The Picture of Dorian Gray with being an immoral tale. It also briefly sets forth the tenets of Wilde’s philosophy of art. Devoted to a school of thought and a mode of sensibility known as aestheticism, Wilde believed that art possesses an intrinsic value—that it is beautiful and therefore has worth, and thus needs serve no other purpose, be it moral or political. The Picture of Dorian Gray is the story of one beautiful, innocent young man's seduction, moral corruption, and eventual downfall.We meet our three central characters at the beginning of the book, when painter Basil Hallward and his close friend, Lord Henry Wotton, are discussing the subject of Basil's newest painting, a gorgeous young thing named Dorian Gray. Basil and Henry discuss just how perfectly perfect Dorian is – he's totally innocent and completely good, as well as being the most beautiful guy ever to walk the earth. Lord Henry wants to meet this mysterious boy, but Basil doesn't want him to; for some reason, he's afraid of what will happen to Dorian if Lord Henry digs his claws into him.Reflecting on the course of his past twenty years, he confronts Lord Henry, whom he believes is responsible for leading him astray. Lord Henry gives Dorian a book. Dorian criticizes the yellow book that, years before, had such a profound influence over him, claiming that this book did him great ha rm. This accusation is, of course, alien to Wilde’s philosophy of aestheticism, which holds that art cannot be either moral or immoral. Lord Henry says as much, refusing to believe that a book could have such power.The idea that there is no morality in art, only beauty (or an absence of beauty, in the case of bad art), is the central tenet of a movement known as aestheticism, which sought to free literature and other forms of artistic expression from the burden of being ethical or instructive. Wilde himself was associated closely with this creed, as the Preface to The Picture of Dorian Gray makes clear. But the novel that follows grapples with the philosophy of art for art’s sake in a complicated way. After all, the protagonist suffers from the lessons he has learned from the yellow book that has â€Å"poisoned† him.Lord Henry insists that a book can do no such thing, and we are left to decide how much blame one can place on a book and how much blame must be pla ced on the reader. Indeed, in one respect, The Picture of Dorian Gray seems to be a novel of extremely moral sensibilities, since Dorian suffers because he allows himself to be poisoned by a book. In other words, he defies the artistic principles that structure the yellow book. One must wonder, then, if there is such a thing as a book without some sort of moral or instruction

Great Politics That Dealed With Slavery - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1281 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/05/26 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Frederick Douglass Essay Slavery Essay Did you like this example? All throughout American Literature, writers have been composing literary works that have been influencing future authors. These writers create literary works usually discussing religion, politics, or a personal experience. The numerous amounts of writings present in American Literature can be quite similar to one another or can differ from one another when compared to different components. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Great Politics That Dealed With Slavery" essay for you Create order Writers such as Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass served as a great example in how literary works in American Literature show the individual differences of each author as well as some similarities that are present in them and their writings. Lincoln and Douglass both use political influences and the hardships the country was experiencing during their time to help them compose their literary works. Though both Lincoln and Douglass use political influences, it is the way they interpret and shape their writings that makes them different from each other. Each of them uses their own writing style, language, and tone that helps them deliver their messages to their intended audience. Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass both use political issues dealing with slavery, freedom, and equal rights and liberty to all men to help influence their literary works, and though they use similar themes and influences the way they interpret and shape their writings is what makes them different. Abraham Lincoln served as the sixteenth President of the United States. When he took the presidency, the nation was already beginning to divide and was on the brink of a Civil War. As a result, all this brutality and political problems inspired and influenced most of Lincolnrs greatest speeches and literary workrs that helped shape America as it is today. His writings always focus on America as a whole and address the current political issues the nation had. Some of Lincolnrs greatest speeches and literary works are The Gettysburg Address, his Second Inaugural Address, the House Divided Speech, and the Emancipation Proclamation. All of these works served as the infrastructure that helped build the American voice that is present in later writings throughout American Literature. Frederick Douglass was an abolitionist, former slave, statesman, and writer. He was considered to be one of the most influential African American during the nineteenth century as well as one of the greatest orators during his time. Most of Douglassrs literary works addressed the issue of slavery, racism, and the equal rights of African Americans. Some of Douglassrs greatest writings are Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, Written by Himself and What to the Slave, is the Fourth of July?. All of Douglassrs literary works are known as antislavery writings because he always discusses the freedom and equal rights that African Americans should have. In most of their works in American Literature, Lincoln and Douglass both talk about political issues dealing with slavery, freedom, and equal rights and liberty of all men. Both writers show many differences as well as similarities when addressing these issues. When writing about slavery, Lincoln addresses the issue politically. He himself opposed the concept of slavery and addressed the issue in his House Divided speech. In this speech, Lincoln talks about how ?A house divided against itself cannot stand, he declared. ?I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free It will become all one thing or all the other, (KENDI 4). He shapes this speech in a way for his audience to understand that the issue regarding slavery is what is beginning to divide the nation. Once again slavery is addressed in Lincolnrs Second Inaugural Address. In this address Lincoln talks about how slavery is a national misdemeanor to God by stating, If we shall suppose that American Slavery is one of those offenses which, in the providence of God, must need come, but which, having continued through His appointed time, He now wills to remove[] (Second 749). While Lincoln addresses slavery in a formal political way, Douglass shapes his writings and styles from a more personal experience. In his narrative, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, Written by Himself, Douglass shows his audience what the life of a slave is really like by using imagery and a dramatic language. His use of rhetorical devices, diction, and writings structure allows him to give a deeper insight into the evils of slavery. It is in this way that Douglassrs writings regarding slavery differ from Lincolnrs writings. Though both Lincoln and Douglass use different meanings and styles to shape their writings, they both use the same universal theme to help them get the message of slavery is bad to their audience. Another similar theme and political aspect both authors use to help influence their writings is freedom. In his narrative, Douglass uses a unique writing style as well as a persuasive one to help advocate for the freedom of African Americans. Douglass states, Freedom now appeared, to disappear no more forever. It was heard in every sound and seen in everything. It was ever present to torment me with a sense of my wretched condition, (Narrative of 963). This statement serves as an example of what freedom meant to African Americans. While Douglass talks about freedom in the views of African Americans, Lincoln interprets the theme in a slightly different way. In the Gettysburg Address, he states, [] this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom†and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth, (Address 748). Lincolnrs use of ethos, formal diction, and visual imagery allows him to express the birth of a new nation as well as the new sense of freedom they are fighting for. Douglassrs writing styles and languages differ quite a bit from Lincolnrs somewhat interpreting a different meaning of freedom; however, they both appeal to the same influences in their writings. One of the last things that both of the authors discuss in their writings is the equal rights of men and liberty. In Lincolnrs Gettysburg Address he uses a sense of allusion when he states, All men are created equal, (Address 747). He shapes his writings in order to stress the points that all men should have the same rights of equality and liberty. Douglass addresses the equal rights theme a little bit different than Lincoln. In one of his speeches, What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?, Douglass states that The rich inheritance of justice, liberty, prosperity and independence, bequeathed by your fathers, is shared by you, not by me (What to 1003). He clearly means that African Americans are denied the right to equality and uses his writing style and language of the speech to express that. Like the other political influences in their writings, Lincoln and Douglass allow the concept of equal rights and liberty to influence their writings. Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass both use political issues dealing with slavery, freedom, and equal rights and liberty to all men to help influence their literary works, and though they use similar themes and influences the way they interpret and shape their writings is what makes them different. While Lincoln uses a plain, undecorated language in his writings, his choice of words and the rhythm and shape of his utterances is what portrays his writings to be unique from Douglassrs (Barzun 5 and 51). Douglass, on the other hand, uses many powerful scenes that help modulate his charismatic stage persona and appeal to readers as a supplicant rather than as an equal, (Ganter 4). As one can see, both authors use similar themes and influences in their writings, but it is the way they interpret the message to the audience by using their own unique writing styles that makes them different from one another.

Ancestry of Barack Obama - Fourth Generation

Barack Obama Family Tree, Generations 1-3 Fourth Generation (Great Grandparents): 8. Obama was born in Kendu Bay, Kenya 9. Nyaoke Obama had four wives, one of whom was Nyaoke. She fathered many children, of whom Onyango was the fifth son. 12. Ralph Waldo Emerson DUNHAM was born 24 December 1894 in Argonia, Sumner County, Kansas and died 4 October 1970 in Wichita, Sedgwick, Kansas. 13. Ruth Lucille ARMOUR was born in 1900 in Illinois and died (by suicide) on 25 November 1926 in Wichita, Sedgwick County, Kansas. Ralph DUNHAM and Ruth ARMOUR were married on 3 October 1915 in Wichita, Sedgwick County, Kansas and had the following children: i. Ralph Emerson DUNHAM, Jr., born 29 August 1916 (spouse Elizabeth Smith)6. ii. Stanley Armour DUNHAM The family is found living with Ruths parents in the 1920 federal census of Sedgwick County, Kansas. In 1930, Ralph Jr. and Stanley are with their maternal grandparents in Butler County, Kansas, while their father, Ralph Sr. was enumerated with his parents in Sedgwick County, Kansas. 14. Rolla Charles PAYNE was born 23 August 1892 in Olathe, Johnson County, Kansas and died in Kansas in October 1968. 15. Leona MCCURRY was born about May 1897 in Kansas. Rolla Charles PAYNE and Leona MCCURRY married in Kansas about 1922 and had the following children: 1. i. Madelyn PAYNEii. Charles Thomas PAYNE born in 1925.iii. Arlene PAYNE born about 1926.

Argument Against Industrialization of Universities in The...

In The Prostitution of Academia, David Suzuki argues that the trend towards the industrialization of universities will seriously compromise the unique role of academic scholars. He stresses his concerns about the increasing link between academics and private industry. He expresses his concern about the loss of exploration and creativity of the students due to the exploitation of education by industries. Those who lived through the Civil War and Reconstruction recognized that the world had passed through perhaps the single most significant transformative period in its history. The great questions of slavery, sectionalism, and national supremacy that had plagued the Canadians for nearly eight decades had been resolved -- in part by force of arms, in part by constitutional and legal change made possible by military victory. The Rise Of Industrialization: Industrialization Industrialization is the rise of the industrial economy and of accompanying issues of law, governance, and publi c policy. The explosion of technological innovation of the late nineteenth century transformed the face of the Canadian nation. They also shaped a new Canadian culture, one that assimilated technological changes with increasing speed and complacency. These technological changes also affected the lives of millions of ordinary Canadians, by transforming the conditions of work and the range of available occupations. More and more Canadians, faced with a choice between the always-uncertain life

Managing - Leading and Stewardship Sample - MyAssignmentHelp

Question: Write an essay about the managing leading and stewardship. Answer: Introduction: The ideas of managing, leading and stewardship can be identified as typically interrelated both in our familial, personal and mainly the professional life. As opined by Menzel 2012, Managing is associative, spontaneous and principled. It is not all about the actions you perform as well as the pattern of your relation and the interaction style with others. In an organization, a strong management skill is needed, as there are a number of different kinds of people are interacting. In addition to this, I will describe the leadership as the deed of leading a group or an organization, or the aptitude to perform this responsibility. Therefore, it can easily be understood how important for these ideas are to be amalgamated. Now, if we talk about the initiative of Stewardship, it can be said that this particular idea talks about the responsibility of the companies to recognize and deal with their influence on the environment. Now, according to my opinion and experience, it is important for a company to integrate all of them to obtain a better organizational environment and thus can gain better profitability. Discussion: Before our professional life, we all have our world. It consists of our family, friends, schools or the universities. This pre-professional life provides us a number of experiences and thus helps us in developing a number of ideas. In the context my life, I had a general idea of management. I had a fade notion that it is a process and faculty manipulating or controlling things or the people. In my family, I got to know the people who are people who had a commanding faculty of controlling or manipulating the people. However, it caused me confusion about the true character of a leader and a manager. In my college life, I came into the contact with some people with an astonishing power of influence others. Some of them were my friends. They had some distractive personal characteristics. It was surely their leadership quality, which made them stand out of the crowd. As discussed by Goetschj and Davis 2014, a leader can be described as a person who sets off first and thus leads by setting examples. I encountered such friends who had the power of motivating others. On the other hand, Workingwith the help of stewardshipcan assist abusiness to discover a sustainable practice; develop its repute among clients and save money (Spiller and Stockdale 2013). I used to think that the Stewardship talks about the managers focus on saving the interest of him and the shareholders. However, in the course of this study I came to understand that the role of a steward is to gain a better acceptance among the customers for the organization. The course of this study, I have experienced a number of working experiences. These have shaped my idea and the guiding philosophy of my life. In some of my workplaces, I had to be a member of a team and was being led by the team leader. Sometimes the feeling of redundancy made me demotivated to work with perfection and being dedicated to the work culture or the organizational goals. As opined by Connor 2013, the redundancy is one of the major issues of employee demonization and the subsequent loss of commitment to the new employers. On the other hand, when I got the responsibility of being the team leader and compelled to make other employees redundant I got to know, that sometimes the companies need to follow this strategy for some genuine commercial reasons. However, I have experienced how it hampers the motivational factor of an employee. This course of the study has provided me the knowledge about the alternative strategies of the redundancy. Here, it is needed to perform the role of stewardship role. My previous knowledge and understanding of leadership criticized this strategy of redundancy. However, this course has provided me the managerial knowledge of the importance of cost-cutting for a company. In addition to this, my previous knowledge of management has made me face a number of workplace challenges. In the position of work pressure, I have failed to retain the composure within the employees. This course of study has provided me the knowledge of the importance of taking the responsibility when jobs do not go as designed. As opined by D. Waters 2013, here, the managers need to play the role of a leader. However, during this course of the study, I have developed my skills in leadership and management. Now, I know, it is not enough for a manager to manipulate people. It is important for him to play the role of a leader for the better performance and the fulfillment of the ethical requirements. Now I know it is important to follow some principles for the job of managing, leading and stewardship, and I am still following them. As opined by Turner and Hartley 2016, I need to follow the principle of self-improvement to perform the duties of a manager and a leader. As the basic idea goes with the leadership skill, now I know I have to be the example for my co-workers. It can be expected that the issue of redundancy can also be avoided by it. Now, I am developing and equipping myself with a better knowledge of my job role. It is being helpful in motivating others. As experienced in the course of this study, I am making my team members well informed about their job roles. Now I know a manager needs to be a leader by admitting his mistakes, and this principle is enabling me to win the confidence of my teammates (Raczkowski 2016). Now, I know that it is important for a manager or a steward to be ethical in his role to ensure the low rate of employee turnover. The essence of the stewardship idea talks about being more responsible to the employees and the external environment. Now I am trying to follow them as my guiding principles. I would love to make ethical changes the established pattern of organizational leadership. I think it is needed for a leader to consider the ethical responsibilities that come with his role. However, we need to consider it from the basic level. During my work experienced that the managers or the leaders sometimes behaves like a superior to others. People need to understand that they are not the superiors but the co-workers. However, the organizational structure couples them to behave in this manner (Boni et al. 2014). The organizations need to focus on creating a democratic culture within the setup. It helps people to be more motivated and involved. I would also like to change the work culture prevailing in the present workplaces. A company cannot ignore the issues like cost cut, but to encounter them they should follow some strategies, which help the people with solutions that are more comprehensive. As the professional life poses a great impact on the individual personal life, it i s important to the managers and the leaders to be more sympathetic and helpful. Conclusion: In the conclusion, it can be said that the responsibilities of the managers or the leaders are broad enough to influence the life and attitude of the team members. Therefore, it is a prerequisite for them to understand the ethical responsibilities of these roles. It is not enough to make people attain the strategic goals. They need to concentrate on the increase in the motivation and involvement level of the people. People love to respect a true leader. Therefore, it is important for us to develop a respectable personality with a motivational attitude. If a change in the workplace can be introduced, it will eventually influence our personal life and thus, be helpful in creating a better world. References: Boni, A.A., Weingart, L.R. and Todorova, G., 2014. Building, Managing, and Motivating Great Teams. InElsevier Inc.. Connor, V., 2013. Leading Change: The Collaborative Science and Adaptive Management Program.San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science,11(3). Waters, R., 2013. The role of stewardship in leadership: Applying the contingency theory of leadership to relationship cultivation practices of public relations practitioners.Journal of Communication Management,17(4), pp.324-340. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. pearson. Menzel, D.C., 2012.Ethics management for public administrators: Leading and building organizations of integrity. ME Sharpe. Raczkowski, K., 2016. Managing and Leading in Public Organisations. InPublic Management(pp. 99-125). Springer International Publishing. Spiller, C. and Stockdale, M., 2013. Managing and Leading from a Maori Perspective: Bringing New Life and Energy to Organisations. InHandbook of Faith and Spirituality in the Workplace(pp. 149-173). Springer New York. Turner, N. and Hartley, P., 2016. Managing and leading projects and project teams.Advancing Practice in Academic Development, p.225.

Martin Luther King Jr. and Henry Thoreau Debate free essay sample

Fight For What is Right A cold, snowy winter night in Birmingham, Alabama: one of those nights where you would rather stay inside and sit by a fire while sipping on a cup of hot chocolate. Not everyone is doing that though, for many people walk in the cold all bundled up. Some of the more unfortunate ones stay stranded outside in the freezing weather with not nearly enough layers to keep them warm. In Birmingham, a lot of these people consist of African Americans who cannot afford somewhere to keep warm or are Just simply denied a place to stay based on their skin color. In this day and age, segregation exists between whites and blacks. A huge issue nationwide, but when it comes to Birmingham everything is taken to a new level. To ensure the separation of whites and blacks, you can see plenty of racial signs and other such tactics used by the city. We will write a custom essay sample on Martin Luther King Jr. and Henry Thoreau Debate or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although between King and Thoreau, none of these resemble an issue; they both could stay warm under their nice winter Jackets, both had a place to go back home to and more importantly, one was a white man and the other a black man. Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King Jr. both made themselves very well known and idolized by many. They knew each other through a mutual friend but came into contact when they ran into one another here in Birmingham. The segregation in Birmingham continues to get out of control with constant bombings and killings of African American citizens, causing certain groups to want to take action towards reform in Birmingham. The group known as the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights called upon King to help lead them in non-violent reform, while Thoreau made his trip here to witness the reforms. Thoreaus time of non-violent reform came about years before King even began to participate. King actually learned Just about everything from Thoreaus writing, but Thoreau has no sense of that at this very moment. What King learned from Thoreau, he put to use more than Thoreau ever did. Right now the two men share the same non-violent beliefs and want to spread the word in their own separate ways. As the two men walk down the street they engage in friendly small talk. But then they come across a black couple denied entry into a restaurant. Both men look at ach other in disgust. They have seen it happen hundreds of times, but each time they see it, they have the same disgustful reaction. After what they Just witnessed, the two men started to state their opinions to each other on why they see this type of policy as a disgrace. Henry Thoreau spoke first with a scornful tone in his voice on how he cannot respect his government for allowing instances like these to occur. He continues speaking, l cannot for an instant recognize that political organization as my government which is the slaves government also (180). In response, King expresses to Thoreau, that you cannot put the entire blame on the government even though they could change the laws involving segregation. But would that change how the white majority feels, especially in southern states. Those people grew up witn certain opinions ot Atrican Americans. King goes on with another strong statement, saying Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly (214). With this statement, King tries to tell Thoreau that if they cannot change how people think, then segregation will not change either. After uttering such words, King goes quiet, neither one of them saying anything to each other. Both continue walking with their eyes facing forward, trying to fgure out what they are going to say next. After a few minutes of walking in the freezing cold with a light flurry of snow, the silence is broken. King ends this when he asks Thoreau how he plans on making a difference for racism and segregation. Thoreau does not respond right away, giving King the opportunity to answer his own question: Henry, we need to make a difference here in Birmingham. If we do something here then it ay affect the whole nation. And we need to do it in a non-violent manner. He continues, In any non-violent campaign there are four basic steps: collection of facts to determine whether injustices exist; negotiation; self-purification; and direct action (215). King believes that these steps will lead them to a successful reform against segregation. Thoreau agrees with King that they should reform in a non-violent way, but questions who will Join him. He immediately states, They continue enjoying each others company, but ever since their heated discussions the two have not said one word or even batted an eye towards the other. They arrive at the footsteps of Martin Luther King Jr. s apartment where he says one final comment to end the night, Henry, we have a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws (218). We are nere tor a reason; and that reason involves making a ditterence. So tomorrow lets get everyone in town together and move forward with this reform. Thoreau ooks at King with a blank face and continues his way. With his incomparable leadership ability, King leads a reform the next day in Birmingham. The reform in Birmingham took place in 1963, and was led by Martin Luther King Jr.. This action brought attention to the integration efforts in the city, and during these nonviolent riots the citys police brought out dogs which attacked the civilians. They would also spray the people with high powered water hoses. But the reform actions demonstrated led to the government changing the city of Birminghams discrimination laws.